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Emergency Medicine

Evidence-based clinical protocols for exertional heat stroke management: cold water immersion, Cool First Transport Second, tactical medicine.

13 articles

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Emergency Medicine

Exertional Heat Stroke: How to Recognise It and What to Do

A field-focused guide to recognising exertional heat stroke, understanding the 30-minute treatment window, and applying the right cooling method.

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Emergency Medicine

Exertional Heat Stroke: consequences on the brain, kidneys, and heart

Exertional heat stroke causes irreversible brain, kidney, and cardiac damage within 30 minutes. What every medical team needs to understand about the physiology to respond correctly.

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Emergency Medicine

Preventing Exertional Heat Stroke: a field guide for medical teams and EHS managers

A practical evidence-based guide for fire and rescue services, event medical teams, military units, and EHS managers to prevent, recognise, and treat exertional heat stroke before it becomes fatal.

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Emergency Medicine

Exertional Hyperthermia: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

Complete guide to exertional hyperthermia: definition, physiological mechanisms, warning signs, gold standard treatment and field equipment for firefighters, military and athletes.

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Emergency Medicine

Cold Water Immersion vs Other Cooling Methods: A Data-Backed Comparison

Cold water immersion, misting, ice packs, wet towels: a data-backed comparison of cooling rates, effectiveness and recommendations for exertional heat stroke treatment.

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Emergency Medicine

Cool First Transport Second: The Life-Saving Protocol for Exertional Heat Stroke

Cool First Transport Second is the gold standard prehospital protocol for exertional heat stroke. Origins, science, field application and required equipment explained.

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Emergency Medicine

Emergency Cooling Tub: Definition, Uses and Field Protocol

What is an emergency cooling tub? How does it work, who uses it, and why is it the only validated equipment for treating exertional heat stroke in the field?

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Emergency Medicine

Kollder vs Corben: Emergency Cooling Tub Comparison

Objective comparison between Kollder and the Corben emergency cooling tub: deployment, patient access, portability, protocol compliance and field suitability for rescue teams.

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Emergency Medicine

Kollder vs I-CWIK: Cold Water Immersion System Comparison

Objective comparison between Kollder and the I-CWIK system by Nereus Medical: immersion protocol, patient access, deployment and compliance with international medical standards.

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Emergency Medicine

Dr. Douglas Casa: Why Exertional Heat Stroke Is 100% Survivable — And Still Killing People

Dr. Douglas Casa of the Korey Stringer Institute has tracked over 3,000 exertional heat stroke cases with zero deaths when treated correctly. His research explains exactly why people are still dying — and what every responder must do differently.

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Emergency Medicine

Exertional Heat Stroke in Military Settings: What International Research Tells Us About Prevention and Treatment

Heat illness ranked among the top five medical events in the US military in 2024. A 2025 international research review consolidates what works — and what still fails — in prevention and field treatment of exertional heat stroke.

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Emergency Medicine

Tactical medicine in hot environments: managing exertional heat stroke in the field

Exertional heat stroke is a leading preventable cause of death in military training and operational environments. Here is what military medical personnel need to know to treat it effectively.

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Emergency Medicine

Exertional heat stroke: why cold water immersion is the only validated treatment

Exertional heat stroke kills in minutes. Cold water immersion is the only treatment proven to work. Here is everything medical teams need to know to act fast in the field.

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